PSO modelling and PID controlled of automatic fish feeder system

Automatic fish feeding system is an electronic device that is designed to distribute fish pellets at particular time with maximum speed regulation. There are three (3) main parts in the system which are storage, dispenser and distribution parts. A problem has been reported that the distribution part was not performed at the required speed. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance of fish feeding system by using PID controller through ARX modelling. In this study, raw data at distribution part with speed of 130 rpm, 160 rpm, 190 rpm, 220 rpm and 250 rpm were extracted and used to determine ARX equation parameters as transfer function by using PSO algorithm to optimize ARX model parameter. Validation tests used was residual analysis. The best transfer function was then used as a modelling plant in the simulation process with PID controller to determine the optimum PID parameters. Finally, implementation of a PID controller into real time system was done to verify whether this system improved or not. The PSO analysis showed that the best ARX model was at 190 rpm speed because of well superimposed predicted model with the actual system. The lowest normalized output MSE value is 0.0042015 , the lowest convergence output error value is 0.0040886, the stable pole zero map and correlation test verify the accuracy of the model reaching a 95% confidence level. ARX model parameters obtained using the PSO algorithm are two inputs ( , ) and two outputs ( , ). The input parameter obtained is (− 0.3391, − 0.4329) while the output parameter is (− 0.06498, − 0.08334). The optimum PID parameter value obtained by the auto tune method is = − 3.4854, = − 50.2207 and = 0.05815. In conclusion, the PID controller successfully improved the performance of the fish feeding system with the highest percentage of speed change of 92.59%

Comparison of performance and emission characteristics between ceramic and metallic catalytic converter

Catalytic converters have been widely used on vehicles and have already been proved for many years to be the most effective technical solution to reduce exhaust emissions from gasoline engines where ceramic and metallic catalytic converters are the most common types of catalytic converter used. This study focuses to examine the performance of ceramic and metallic catalytic converters through simulation and experimental in terms of flow distribution and pollutant gases conversion. ANSYS Fluent 16.2 has been used for the simulation process and Mitsubishi 4G93 1800cc gasoline engine with difference speed and 25% constant load were used for the emission measurement using Kane Auto 5-1 series exhaust gas analyser. Simulation process has been conducted to measure pressure, velocity and temperature distribution through the ceramic and metallic catalytic converter and for the experimental process, the performances and pollutant gases conversion were recorded to compare both type of catalytic converters. Based on the simulation results, ceramic honeycomb catalytic converter shows higher pressure distribution 181.1 Pa on the inlet region compares to metallic sinusoidal. On the other hands, metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter has better velocity distribution of 14.3 ms- 1and temperature distribution of 1100 Kat the inlet region. Through the experimental results, metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter performs a better reduction of CO compares to ceramic honeycomb catalytic convetier while ceramic honeycomb performs better reduction than metallic sinusoidal catalytic converter for HC and NOx conversion. It can be concluded that metallic corrugated catalytic converter has performs better flow distribution through the substrates while ceramic converters reduce a higher percentage of CO and NOx pollutant gases

Entropy of (2+1)-dimensional de Sitter black hole to all orders in the Planck length

We calculate the statistical entropy of a scalar field on the background of (2+1)-dimensional de Sitter space without an artificial cutoff considering corrections to all orders in the Planck length from a generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) on the quantum state density. The desired entropy proportional to the horizon perimeter is obtained.Comment: 10 pages, two references adde

Robust Half-Metallic Character and Large Oxygen Magnetism in a Perovskite Cuprate

The new perovskite cuprate material Sr$_{8}$CaRe$_{3}$Cu$_{4}$O$_{24}$, which behaves ferrimagnetically and shows an unusually high Curie temperature ($T_c \sim$ 440 K), is found from density-functional theory calculation to display several surprising properties after hole doping or chemical substitution: (1) Half metal (HM) is realized by replacing Re with W or Mo while $T_c$ remains high; (2) hole-doped Sr$_{8}$CaRe$_{3}$Cu$_{4}$O$_{24}$ is also HM with high $T_c$. Moreover, we find that the O atoms will carry a large magnetic moment after hole doping, which is in sharp contrast with the generally accepted concept that magnetism in solid requires partially filled shells of $d$ or $f$ electrons in cations. The material Sr$_8$CaRe$_3$Cu$_4$O$_{24}$ is therefore expected to provide a very useful platform for material design and development.Comment: 5 pages and 4 figure